 Bite me! What's in a hot dog and how are they made?
"People who enjoy eating sausage and obey the law should not watch either being made." Otto von Bismarck
Are they dangerous?
Before we get down to the details, let's make the 800 pound gorilla comfortable.
In a review of franks in 2007, Consumer Reports (CR) said that the nutritionists they consulted concurred that "a sound diet can reasonably include any type of food, in moderation." So there.
The Vienna Beef Frank is easily the most popular in Chicago. Here's what's in it:
Ingredients: Beef, water, salt, corn syrup, dextrose, mustard, natural flavorings and coloring, garlic juice, sodium erythorbate, sodium nitrite, extractives of paprika.
Size: 5 1/4 x 3/8"
Weight: 45 grams
Fat: 11 grams (4.5 grams saturated)
Protein: 6 grams
Carbohydrates: 1 grams
Sodium: 420 milligrams
Cholesterol: 25 milligrams
Calories: 130
As you can see, the canonical all beef Chicago Hot Dog by itself is not very caloric with 130 calories. There are more calories in the bun: 140 calories! The toppings add another 43 calories. With the bun and all the classic Chicago Hot Dog toppings, you get 313 calories and lots of sodium (salt).
OK, so they are not the healthiest food in the world. Many manufacturers now offer low fat, fat free, and low sodium franks. According to industry sources, these "better for you" franks now account for almost 15% of the total market. Problem is, CR found that many of the poultry and uncured franks contained almost as much or more fat, sodium, nitrites and nitrates as regular franks. In my tastings and in CR's tastings, they didn't score as well as the full-fat all beef franks.
What's in them?
The typical beef frankfurter is made from cheeks, jowls, and bull meat, as well as cuts too tough to serve straight, trimmings from the butchering process, someimes with corned beef and pastrami trimmings for flavor. They are seasoned with a secret mix of spices, and nitrites are added as preservatives (more on nitrites and nitrates later). Without much effort one can find hot dogs made from pork, turkey, chicken, and even, gawd forbid, soybeans.
According to the USDA, the finished products must contain at least 15% muscle meat and meat byproduct and may not contain more than 30% fat, 10% water, 3.5% dry milk or cereal as a binder, and 2% isolated soy protein. They may contain pig snout, lips, heart, kidney, liver, and stomach, but these must be individually named in the ingredients statement on the label. Contrary to what you might have heard, crushed bones, eyeballs, and testicles are not allowed.
Some brands contain only beef, water, spices, and sodium nitrite. On the labels of the many brands I have tasted I have also found salt, garlic, paprika, mustard, onion powder, corn syrup, dextrose, corn gluten, wheat gluten, nutmeg, coriander, white pepper, raw sugar, sodium lactate, celery juice, honey, dried honey, protein, partially hydrolyzed beef stock, potato starch, nonfat dry milk, hickory smoke flavor, sorbitol, sodium lactate, hydrolyzed soy, sodium diacetate, sodium phosphate, sodium erythorbate, autolyzed yeast extract, and caramel color, and ascoribic acid (vitamin C).
How are they made?
The meat is gathered and coarsely ground, then ground again. During the grinding, the spices, curing ingredients, and water, often in the form of ice cubes are added. The ice helps keep the meat cool during the grinding. The output is then a thick emulsion sometimes called "batter".
The batter goes into the casing machine. Casings are made from animal intestines or cellulose. Lamb is about the right size for hot dogs, so they are common for natural casing specimens. By far the majority go into cellulose, which is usually removed later to make the popular skinless dogs. Casings are scrunched up on the nozzle of the machine, and as the meat is pumped through it forms a loooonnnng sausage. These tubes are then twisted into linked links of whatever size the producer wants. Some factories still do this by hand, but most are done by machine. They are then draped on racks.
Then it is off to the smokehouse, a huge stainless steel walk-in where they are heated and pre-cooked and bathed in hardwood smoke and humidity. They come out and are rinsed, and if they are to be sold skinless they are fed into s slitting machine where a blade slits the cellulose casing and it is removed. The finished skinless franks are shot from the machine like bullets!
Finally they go to the packaging station where they are inspected, packed, labeled, and boxed for storage in the cold room, and eventually shipment to stores and restaurants.
About nitrites and nitrates in hot dogs
Practically every hot dog has had sodium nitrite added. It is also common in other cured meats such as bacon, ham, some luncheon meats, some sausages, and occasionally in poultry and fish. Nitrite is added because it inhibits the growth of Clostridium botulinum, a pathogen that creates the most lethal toxin known to man, botulinum, the cause of botulism.
Sodium nitrite also gives cured meats their characteristic reddish-pink color and adds to their taste and texture. Nitrites also expand when cooked, helping the pups plump when hot. A few companies make hot dogs without nitrites, but most do not taste very good. Only one, Hans' All Natural Uncured Beef Hot Dogs, ranked "Highly Recommended" in my tastings.
About 5% of our nitrite intake comes from cured meats. Most of the nitrites we consume come from the natural compounds in vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, and carrots, and even some drinking water. They contain nitrates (with an "a") that are converted by our digestive system to nitrites (with an "i"). Interestingly, most nitrates are eliminated in our urine within a few hours.
Preliminary research in the 1970s indicated that sodium nitrite could cause cancer in laboratory animals. It got a lot of publicity and as a result some people began calling hot dogs "death dogs." Since then more thorough research by scientists around the world on the safety of nitrites has contradicted these early experiments. The international scientific community seems to be satisfied that the quantities of nitrites and nitrates people typically take in from the environment and from food additives is safe, that the body actually needs small amounts of nitrites and nitrates, and they may possibly have some beneficial effects. In the stomach, nitrite can create nitric oxide, a compound that is thought to be important in healing wounds and burns, controlling blood pressure, and boosting immunity. In 2003, the World Health Organization published a comprehensive survey of dozens of research papers on the subject by scientists in the Netherlands. It stated "In the studies on dietary nitrate, no association was found with oral, oesophageal, gastric, or testicular cancer. No other cancer sites have been studied." The greatest health risk from nitrites and nitrates seems to be in badly polluted drinking water.
Based on this research, two US Government agencies, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), have set a maximum amount allowed in food. Over the past 30 years the meat industry has significantly reduced the amount of nitrates and nitrites added to meats and the amounts actually used are typically way below the allowable amount. In other words, Americans would have to eat a lot of hot dogs every day to exceed the amount deemed safe.
This page was revised 6/30/2009
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