Done or ready?
I differentiate between "done" and "ready," a fine semantic line, but an important one when it comes to barbecue.
Meat is "done" when the temperature at its thickest point reaches the point at which it is safe to eat. That doesn't mean it's "ready", though.
Ribs are "done" when they are 165F internal temp, but they may still be tough. If you take them up to 180F, drop the oven temp to about 180F and hold them at this temp for about 30 minutes, the collagens and fats melt some more at this temp and make the meat more tender and juicy. Then they're ready! See the diff?
How do I know when my ribs are ready? I work hard to control my cooking temp. I rarely open the lid. I use a quality digital thermometer, a Maverick ET-73, which has two probes, one for the meat and one for the oven. For ribs there is not much use in trying to read the temp of the meat. It is too thin and varies in thickness from end to end and side to side. In addition the meat next to the bone can be warmer than in the middle of the bones. I keep the oven probe near the meat, but not on the meat. I watch the clock. When they I think they are ready, I use the bend test (described in the left column).
For more on rib science, click here.
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Are my ribs ready yet?
There is an old joke among some competition cooks about how to tell if the ribs are ready. Take one slab of spare ribs and one slab of baby back ribs and put them both in the smoker. When the baby backs are dry, the spare ribs are done.
OK. Maybe that's a bit extreme. But it underlines how hard it is to tell when ribs are ready. That's because ribs come in so many different weights and thicknesses. Not to mention the fact that keeping an outdoor oven at a precise temp is tricky. So here are some guidelines and techniques for telling when they are done (click here for a meat temperature guide for other meats).
Ribs should not fall off the bone!
Properly cooked ribs will not not not fall off the bone! The only ribs that fall off the bone are ribs that have been boiled and steamed and that process usually robs them of flavor because water is a solvent. Steamed and boiled ribs usually have a mushy texture. Properly cooked ribs will pull cleanly off the bone with your teeth, but they will still have some resilience and chew, like a properly cooked steak, but not be tough.
How to tell when they are ready
The time and temp test. Every smoker is different and every slab of meat is different, so exact cooking time can vary depending on a number of variables. The goal is to get the meat to 180F and keep cooking for about 30 minutes. To do that, I think the ideal cooking temp is about 225F, hot enough to brown the surface and develop a bit of a bark, but not so hot that a lot of moisture evaporates.
On most cookers, when the oven temp is 225F at sea level, it takes about three hours to cook a slab of baby backs and about five hours to cook a slab of St. Louis cut ribs or spares (it might take 30-60 minutes longer at, say, 3,500' above sea level). They are slightly undercooked at that stage. I then put the sauce on and sizzle it in on a hot grill for about 10 minutes per side (click here for saucing strategies). This finishes the cooking. If you skip the sizzling step, add another 30 minutes of cooking time at 225F. At higher cooking temperatures decrease the cooking time. For example, at 325F, baby backs are done in only 90 minutes. At higher altitudes, increase the cooking time 20% or more. The key here is to keep the cooking temp under control, and that is the barbecue chef's craft.
That said, it should be noted that each slab is different, and some can take a good bit longer. In the words of one of Merrill Powers, known as Captain Que to his friends, "they're done when they're done!"
The bend test. This is the method I like best. I pick up the slab with a pair of tongs and bounce them slightly. If they are ready, the slab will bow until the meat starts to crack on the surface, as shown at right.
The twist test. Another technique is to grab ahold of the tip of a bone somewhere near the middle. If you twist, it should start to break free of the meat. This means the collagens in the tough connective tissues have melted and turned to gelatin.
The popup test. A lot of books and websites say to wait until the meat begins to pull back from the tips of the bones, exposing about 1/4" of bare bone as in the picture at right. Some folks call this the natural popup thermometer. Problem is that this is not necessarily a sign that they are ready. Heat can cause this shrinkage. Put ribs on a hot grill and they will shrink within an hour, but they won't be done. On the other hand, if you keep the temp under 250F, by the time the meat pulls back, it is overcooked.
The peek-a-boo test. If you are unsure if the meat is ready, you can cut into it and sneak a peek. The meat in the center should be white and there should be no pink juices. Remember, if you have cooked with smoke, there will probably be pink meat near the surface, but the meat in the center should be white or tan. Click here to see a perfect rib.
The taste test. Some cooks pull one bone off the end, look at the meat, and then taste it. This works fine, especially because you get to eat the rib you removed! Problem is when the meat is not ready. Then you have to pull off another bone. Then another. Then there's nothing for the guests.
The toothpick test. Jack Waiboer, a champion cook from South Carolina likes the toothpick method. "You poke a toothpick into the meat between the bones. When it slides in with little or no resistance you have a done rack of ribs. It's best to test various parts of the rack to be sure you have them done to your liking. With a little practice you can better judge the doneness of your ribs than the bend test. I hesitate to use the word accurate in a barbecue conversation. After a few beverages accuracy seems to depend on the quality of the bourbon."
The thermometer test. One way to tell if they're ready is with a digital instant read thermometer with a thermocouple and a really thin probe like the Thermoworks Thermapen. Not all thermometers are reliable. Click here for a good article on the different kind of thermometers and how they work. A thermocouple thermometer works pretty well, but it is tricky. You need to poke the meat in several locations because it will be different temperatures next to the bone, midway between the bones, and on the ends.
This page was revised 5/1/2008
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